Generic Name: Epoprostenol Sodium
Class: Vasodilating Agents, Miscellaneous
VA Class: HS875
CAS Number: 61849-14-7
Introduction
Vasodilator and platelet-aggregation inhibitor; a naturally occurring prostaglandin.1 2 5 10 17 21 41
Uses for Flolan
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Long-term treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH; also known as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension [IPAH]) and pulmonary hypertension associated with the scleroderma spectrum of disease (PH/SSD) in NYHA Class III and IV patients unresponsive to conventional therapy;1 5 6 14 17 48 designated an orphan drug by FDA for these uses.4
Considered treatment of choice by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) and other experts for patients with NYHA functional class IV pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) who are not candidates for or who fail calcium-channel blocker therapy.8 11 16 17 18 31 41 44 47 48
One of several options for the treatment of NYHA functional class III PAH.17 31 44 48 Patients with early NYHA functional class III PAH may be treated with an oral agent (endothelin-receptor antagonist [e.g., bosentan] or sildenafil);8 16 17 18 31 40 44 those with more advanced NYHA functional class III disease may require treatment with IV epoprostenol or a prostacyclin analog (sub-Q or IV treprostinil, inhaled iloprost).44
When selecting initial PAH therapy, consider factors such as NYHA functional class, disease severity, potential adverse effects, and patient preference.8 44 48
6 Safety and efficacy not systematically evaluated in patients with PH associated with diseases other than scleroderma.1
Flolan Dosage and Administration
Administration
Restricted Distribution Program
Available through restricted distribution program; not available through community pharmacies.3 Contact manufacturer for specific information.3
IV Administration
For IV use only.1 8 10
Administer by continuous IV infusion via a central venous catheter with a portable controlled-infusion device; peripheral IV catheter may be used temporarily until central venous access is established.1 2 39 Consult manufacturer’s labeling for infusion-device specifications.1
Do not dilute or administer with other parenteral solutions or medications.1
When administered at room temperature (without a cold pouch), administer a single reservoir of reconstituted solution over a period of no longer than 8 hours.1 When a cold pouch is employed during the infusion, administer a single reservoir of reconstituted solution over a period of no longer than 24 hours.1 (See Storage under Stability.)
Delivery system malfunctions (e.g., infusion-device failure, occluded catheter) may result in inadvertent overdosage or underdosage.1 To avoid potential interruptions in drug delivery, patient must have access to a backup IV infusion device and infusion sets.1 17 47 (See Abrupt Withdrawal under Cautions.) Consider use of a multi-lumen catheter if patient receives other IV drugs routinely.1
Adjust infusion rates only under the direction of a physician, except in life-threatening situations (e.g., unconsciousness, collapse).1 Observe and monitor standing and supine BP and heart rate in patients for several hours following changes in infusion rates.1
Reconstitution
Reconstitute only with manufacturer-supplied diluent (Sterile Diluent for Flolan); see manufacturer’s labeling for details on reconstitution, preparation of solutions, and selection of drug concentration in solutions.1
Protect reconstituted solutions from light and refrigerate at 2–8°C prior to use; do not freeze.1
Rate of Administration
Avoid abrupt discontinuance or sudden large reductions in infusion rates.1 10 12 17 (See Abrupt Withdrawal under Cautions.) Consult manufacturer's labeling for specific instructions on selection of infusion rate and drug concentration.1
Dosage
Available as epoprostenol sodium; dosage expressed in terms of epoprostenol.1 2
Considerable interindividual variability in patient response; individualize dosage.7 8 10 41 48
Titrate dosages carefully until desired therapeutic effect achieved or intolerable adverse effects occur.1 10
Adults
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Initiation and Titration of Therapy
Continuous IV Infusion
Initially, 2 ng/kg per minute (or a lower dose if not tolerated); increase in increments of 2 ng/kg per minute at intervals of ≥15 minutes until dose-limiting pharmacologic effects are elicited or a tolerance limit to the drug is established and further increases in the infusion rate are not clinically warranted.1 Maintain dosage at a level where pharmacologic effects are tolerated.1
Infusion rates may be calculated using the following formula:1
Infusion rate (mL/hr) = [dose (ng/kg per min) × wt (in kg) × 60 min/hr] / final concentration of epoprostenol solution (ng/mL)
In clinical studies in patients with PH/SSD, the average initial dosage of 2.2 ng/kg per minute was increased during the first week of therapy to 4.1 ng/kg per minute on day 7, and the mean dosage was 11.2 ng/kg per minute by the end of week 12; incremental increases in dosage averaged 2–3 ng/kg per minute every 3 weeks.1
Chronic Therapy
Continuous IV Infusion
During chronic infusion, dosage increases generally are required based on persistence, recurrence, or worsening of disease symptoms; dosage reductions may be needed because of adverse effects.1
Adjust dosage in increments of 1–2 ng/kg per minute at intervals of ≥15 minutes.1 If dose-limiting adverse effects occur, decrease dosage gradually in decrements of 2 ng/kg per minute at intervals of ≥15 minutes; avoid abrupt withdrawal or sudden large reductions in infusion rates.1 10 12 17 (See Abrupt Withdrawal under Cautions.)
Prolonged therapy may cause tachyphylaxis and require periodic dosage adjustments.7 10 35 41 47 (See Dosage Titration under Cautions.)
In clinical studies, therapy was tapered in patients receiving lung transplants after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass.1
Special Populations
Geriatric Patients
Select initial dosage in geriatric patients with caution (at low end of dosage range) and titrate carefully because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and concomitant disease and drug therapy.1
Cautions for Flolan
Contraindications
Chronic use in CHF due to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction.1
Chronic use in patients who develop pulmonary edema during initial dosage titration.1
Known hypersensitivity to epoprostenol or structurally related drugs.1
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Solution and Drug Compatibility
Reconstitute and dilute using only the diluent supplied by the manufacturer (Sterile Diluent for Flolan).1 Do not admix or infuse in the same IV line with other solutions or drugs.1
Abrupt Withdrawal
Avoid abrupt discontinuance or sudden large reductions in dosage.1 10 12 17
Because of the drug's rapid metabolism, abrupt withdrawal (including interruptions in drug delivery), sudden large reductions in dosage, or even brief interruptions in drug delivery may result in symptoms associated with rebound pulmonary hypertension, e.g., dyspnea, dizziness, asthenia, and/or death.1 8 10 17 19
If central venous access is disrupted (e.g., clogging or dislodgement of catheter), patients should seek medical care immediately; may reinstitute IV infusion via peripheral catheter until central venous access is reestablished.17
Patient should have access to a backup IV infusion device and infusion sets to avoid interruptions in drug delivery due to equipment malfunction.1 17 47
Sepsis
Aseptic technique must be used in routine catheter care and in the reconstitution and administration of drug solutions.1 Local infection and sepsis associated with drug delivery system (chronic indwelling central venous catheter) reported.1 2 5 10 11 12 17 19 28 41
General Precautions
Use Restrictions
Should be used only by qualified clinicians experienced in the diagnosis and management of PAH.1 17 23 Carefully establish the diagnosis of PAH before use.1
Consider referral of patients to specialized centers experienced in the management of pulmonary vascular diseases.10 11 16 17 18 23 31 44
Decision to initiate therapy must include careful consideration of the high likelihood that therapy will be needed for prolonged periods, possibly years, and of the patient's ability to accept and care for a permanent IV catheter and infusion device.1 17
Initial dosage titration should be performed in a medically supervised setting adequately equipped for physiologic monitoring and emergency care.1 17
Increases in Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
Asymptomatic increases in pulmonary artery pressure coincident with increases in cardiac output reported rarely during initial dosage titration; such increases in pulmonary artery pressure do not necessarily preclude chronic therapy and may be controlled with dosage reduction.1
Initial dosage titration has been performed with and without right heart catheterization in clinical studies; consider risk versus potential benefit of cardiac catheterization in patients with PH.1 41
Hematologic Effects
Inhibits platelet aggregation; potential risk of hemorrhage, particularly in patients with increased risk of bleeding (e.g., concomitant antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy, congenital heart disease, scleroderma).1 17 45 46 48
Prophylaxis of Thromboembolism
Unless contraindicated, administer concomitant anticoagulant therapy to reduce the risk of pulmonary thromboembolism or systemic embolism associated with the permanent indwelling central venous catheter.1 16 17 18 23 31 36 47 48
Weigh benefits versus risks of anticoagulation, particularly in patients with increased risk of bleeding.1 17 48 (See Hematologic Effects under Cautions.)
Dosage Titration
Dosage adjustments during chronic use should be made immediately upon occurrence of dose-limiting adverse effects or worsening of symptoms associated with pulmonary hypertension.1 Following dosage adjustments, standing and supine BP and heart rate should be monitored closely for several hours.1 (See Dosage and Administration.)
Aggressive dosage titrations to overcome tachyphylaxis may result in elevated cardiac output and/or high output heart failure.17 47 48 Monitor PAH symptoms, exercise capacity, adverse effects, and hemodynamic function frequently when making dosage adjustments.1 47 48 Consider periodic cardiac catheterizations to prevent underdosing or overdosing of drug.47 48 Weigh risks versus benefits of cardiac catheterization.1
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category B.1
Safety and efficacy during labor, vaginal delivery, or cesarean section have not been established.1
Lactation
Not known whether epoprostenol is distributed into milk;1 use with caution in nursing women.1
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in pediatric patients.1 43
Limited experience in pediatric patients suggests clinical response generally is similar to that of adults; higher dosages of epoprostenol may be required.17
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 years of age or older to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger patients.1
Common Adverse Effects
Flushing,1 2 5 7 8 9 10 17 18 20 jaw pain,1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 17 18 20 headache,1 2 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 17 18 20 nausea,1 2 6 8 9 10 11 17 20 vomiting,1 2 5 9 11 20 hypotension,1 2 11 tachycardia,1 2 chest pain,1 anxiety/nervousness,1 dizziness,1 2 bradycardia,1 2 influenza-like symptoms,1 rash,1 dyspnea,1 abdominal pain,1 2 musculoskeletal pain.1 2 10 11 12 17 18 20
Interactions for Flolan
In clinical studies, epoprostenol was used concomitantly with digoxin, diuretics, anticoagulants, oral vasodilators, and supplemental oxygen.1 5 6 7 19 20
Specific Drugs
Drug
|
Interaction
|
Comments
|
|---|
Anticoagulants
|
Potential for increased risk of bleeding1
|
Use with caution1
|
Antiplatelet agents
|
Potential for increased risk of bleeding1
|
Use with caution1
|
Digoxin
|
Potential decreased clearance of digoxin; possible digoxin toxicity1
|
Use with caution, especially during initiation of therapy and in patients prone to digoxin toxicity1
|
Diuretics
|
Potential decreased clearance of furosemide1
Possible additive hypotensive effect1
|
Changes in furosemide clearance not considered clinically important1
Use with caution1
|
Hypotensive agents
|
Possible additive hypotensive effect1
|
Use with caution1
|
Vasodilators
|
Possible additive hypotensive effect1
|
Use with caution1
|
Flolan Pharmacokinetics
Chemical assays with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to assess the in vivo human pharmacokinetics of epoprostenol are not currently available.1
Distribution
Extent
Animal studies indicate a small volume of distribution (357 mL/kg).1
Elimination
Metabolism
Rapidly hydrolyzed at neutral pH in blood and also subject to enzymatic degradation.1 2 Metabolized to 2 primary metabolites, 6-keto-PGF1α (formed by spontaneous degradation) and 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydro-PGF1α (enzymatically formed); data in animals indicate that both metabolites have pharmacologic activity orders of magnitude less than parent drug.1 2 Fourteen additional minor metabolites have been isolated from urine.1
Elimination Route
As metabolites via renal excretion.1 2
Half-life
In vitro, approximately 6 minutes in human blood at 37°C and pH 7.4; in vivo, expected to be ≤6 minutes.1 2 10
2.7 minutes (animal studies).1
Special Populations
No gender difference observed in in vitro (human plasma) half-life based on inhibition of platelet aggregation.1
Stability
Storage
Parenteral
Powder for Injection
15–25°C; protect from light.1
Store diluent (Sterile Diluent for Flolan) at 15–25°C.1
Store drug and diluent vials in carton to protect from light until used.1
Store reconstituted solution under refrigeration at 2–8°C and protect from light; do not freeze.1 When stored or in use, do not expose to temperatures >25°C.1 Discard reconstituted solutions that have been frozen or stored at 2–8°C for longer than 48 hours.1
Prior to infusion at room temperature (15–25°C), store reconstituted solutions under refrigeration at 2–8°C for up to 40 hours.1 When administered at room temperature, administer a single reservoir of reconstituted solution over a period of no longer than 8 hours.1
Prior to infusion using an appropriate cold pouch (e.g., those used in clinical trials were obtained from Palco Labs, Palo Alto, CA), store reconstituted solutions under refrigeration at 2–8°C for up to 24 hours.1 When a cold pouch is employed during the infusion, administer a single reservoir of reconstituted solution over a period of no longer than 24 hours.1 Change gel packs in cold pouch every 12 hours.1 Keep reconstituted solution at 2–8°C under refrigeration or in a cold pouch (or a combination of the two) for a total duration of no longer than 48 hours.1
Compatibility
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
Parenteral
Drug and Solution Compatibility
Do not dilute or administer with other parenteral solutions or drugs.1
ActionsActions
Direct vasodilation of pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds and inhibition of platelet aggregation.1 2 10
May have antiproliferative effects on the intimal layer of precapillary arteries.2 5 8 9 11 12 18 19 20 22 25 26 27 31 32 35 41
Produces dose-related increases in cardiac index and stroke volume.1 2 41
Produces dose-related decreases in pulmonary vascular resistance, total pulmonary resistance, and mean systemic arterial pressure.1 2 41
Associated with improvement in survival, exercise capacity, and quality of life assessments.1 2 5 6 47 48
Effect on heart rate varies with dose in animals; vagally mediated bradycardia at lower doses and reflex tachycardia in response to direct vasodilation and hypotension at higher doses.1 2
No major effects on cardiac conduction in animals.1
Additional pharmacologic effects observed in animals include bronchodilation, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, and decreased gastric emptying.1
Advice to Patients
Importance of advising patient that therapy is infused continuously through a permanent indwelling central venous catheter via a portable infusion device and requires sustained commitment to drug reconstitution, drug administration, and care of the permanent central venous catheter.1
Importance of advising patient that therapy probably will be needed for prolonged periods, possibly years.1
Importance of careful consideration of patient's ability to accept and care for a permanent central venous catheter and infusion device.1
Importance of advising patients that abrupt withdrawal or sudden interruptions in drug delivery may result in symptoms associated with rebound PH (e.g., dyspnea, dizziness, asthenia) and/or death.1 10 17
Importance of advising patient to seek medical care immediately if central venous access is disrupted (e.g., clogging or dislodgement of the catheter).17
Importance of advising patient that sterile technique must be adhered to in drug preparation and catheter care to prevent sepsis.1
Importance of reconstitution only with accompanying diluent (Sterile Diluent for Flolan).1
Importance of patient informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses.1
Importance of women informing their clinician if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.1
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.1 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Distribution of epoprostenol sodium is restricted. (See Restricted Distribution Program under Dosage and Administration.)
Epoprostenol Sodium
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Parenteral
|
For injection, for IV infusion
|
0.5 mg (of epoprostenol)
|
Flolan (available with diluent)
|
GlaxoSmithKline, (distributed by Gilead)
|
|
|
1.5 mg (of epoprostenol)
|
Flolan (available with diluent)
|
GlaxoSmithKline, (distributed by Gilead)
|
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions June 2009. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
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3. GlaxoSmithKline. Research Triangle Park, NC. Personal communication.
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27. Sakamaki F, Kyotani S, Nagaya N et al. Increased plasma P-selectin and decreased thrombomodulin in pulmonary arterial hypertension were improved by continuous prostacyclin therapy. Circulation. 2000; 102:2720-5. [PubMed 11094038]
28. Humbert M, Sanchez O, Fartoukh M et al. Short-term and long-term epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in pulmonary hypertension secondary to connective tissue diseases: results of a pilot study. Eur Respir J. 1999; 13:1351-6. [PubMed 10445611]
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33. Weir EK, Rubin LJ, Ayres SM et al. The acute administration of vasodilators in primary pulmonary hypertension. Experience from the National Institutes of Health Registry on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989; 140:1623-30. [PubMed 2690706]
34. Galiè N, Ussia G, Passarelli P et al. Role of pharmacologic tests in the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1995; 75:A55-62. [PubMed 7840056]
35. McLaughlin VV, Genthner DE, Panella MM et al. Reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance with long-term epoprostenol (prostacyclin) therapy in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338:273-7. [PubMed 9445406]
36. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:111-7. [PubMed 8988890]
37. Barst RJ, McGoon M, Torbicki A et al. Diagnosis and differential assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43 (Suppl S):S40–7.
38. Raffy O, Azarian R, Brenot F et al. Clinical significance of the pulmonary vasodilator response during short-term infusion of prostacyclin in primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 1996; 93:484-8. [PubMed 8565165]
39. Sitbon O, Brenot F, Denjean A et al. Inhaled nitric oxide as a screening vasodilator agent in primary pulmonary hypertension: a dose-response study and comparison with prostacyclin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151:384-9. [PubMed 7842196]
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41. Galiè N, Manes A, Branzi A. Prostanoids for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Med. 2003; 2:123-37. [PubMed 14720012]
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43. Myogen, Overland Park, KS: Personal communication.
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45. Gilead, Foster City, CA: Personal communication.
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50. Teva, Philadelphia, PA: Personal communication.
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